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The Nature of Electricity 1
Structure of the Atom 1
The Electric Charge 3
The Coulomb 4
The Electrostatic Field 4
Potential Difference 5
Current 5
Current Flow 6
Sources of Electricity 7
Direct and Alternating Currents and Voltages 8
Electrical Standards and Conventions Units 15
Introduction 15
Metric Prefixes 15
Powers of 10 16
Scientific Notation 20
Rounding Off Numbers 20
Graphical Symbols and Electrical Diagrams
Schematic Diagram 27
One-Line Diagram 30
Block Diagram 30
Wiring Diagram 32
Electrical Plan 32
Ohm\'s Law and Power 39
The Electric Circuit 39
Resistance 40
Fixed Resistors 40
Variable Resistors 41
Ohm\'s Law 42
Electric Power 43
Horsepower 44
Electric Energy 45
Direct-Current Series Circuits 52
Voltage, Current, and Resistance in Series Circuits 52
Polarity of Voltage Drops 55
Conductors 56
Total Power in a Series Circuit 60
Voltage Drop by Proportional Parts 61
Direct-Current Parallel Circuits 75
Voltage and Current in a Parallel Circuit 75
Resistances in Parallel 77
Open and Short Circuits 80
Division of Current in Two Parallel Branches 82
Conductances in Parallel 83
Power in Parallel Circuits 84
Batteries 97
The Voltaic Cell 97
Series and Parallel Cells 98
Primary and Secondary Cells 99
Types of Batteries 99
Battery Characteristics 103
Kirchhoff\'s Laws 110
Kirchhoff\'s Voltage Law (KVL) 110
Kirchhoff\'s Current Law (KCL) 112
Mesh Currents 114
Node Voltages 116
Determinant Solutions for DC Networks 128
Second-Order Determinants 128
Third-Order Determinants 128
Cramer\'s Rule 130
Determinant Method for Solving Currents in a Two-Mesh Network 135
Determinant Method for Solving Currents in a Three-Mesh Network 136
Network Calculations 153
Y and Delta Networks 153
Superposition 157
Thevenin\'s Theorem 159
Norton\'s Theorem 161
Series-Parallel Circuits 164
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit 166
Maximum Power Transfer 167
Line-Drop Calculations 168
Three-Wire Distribution Systems 170
Magnetism and Electromagnetism 205
The Nature of Magnetism 205
Magnetic Materials 206
Electromagnetism 207
Magnetic Units 210
BH Magnetization Curve 212
Magnetic Circuits 213
Electromagnetic Induction 215
International System of Units 218
Direct-Current Generators and Motors 229
Motors and Generators 229
Simple DC Generator 230
Armature Windings 231
Field Excitation 232
DC Generator Equivalent Circuit 233
Generator Voltage Equations and Voltage Regulation 234
Losses and Efficiency of a DC Machine 235
Direct-Current Motor 236
DC Motor Equivalent Circuit 237
Speed of a Motor 238
Motor Types 239
Starting Requirements for Motors 241
Principles of Alternating Current 252
Generating an Alternating Voltage 252
Angular Measurement 252
Sine Wave 254
Alternating Current 254
Frequency and Period 255
Phase Relationships 256
Phasors 256
Characteristic Values of Voltage and Current 259
Resistance in AC Circuits 261
Inductance, Inductive Reactance, and Inductive Circuits 275
Induction 275
Characteristics of Coils 276
Inductive Reactance 277
Inductors in Series or Parallel 278
Inductive Circuits 281
Q of a Coil 287
Power in RL Circuits 288
Capacitance, Capacitive Reactance, and Capacitive Circuits 305
Capacitor 305
Capacitance 306
Types of Capacitors 308
Capacitors in Series and Parallel 308
Capacitive Reactance 310
Capacitive Circuits 311
Power in RC Circuits 316
Single-Phase Circuits 332
The General RLC Circuit 332
RLC in Series 332
RLC in Parallel 335
RL and RC Branches in Parallel 338
Power and Power Factor 340
Alternating-Current Generators and Motors 361
Alternators 361
Paralleling Generators 364
Ratings 364
Losses and Efficiency 364
Polyphase Induction Motors 365
Synchronous Motors 368
Single-Phase Motors 372
Complex Numbers and Complex Impedance for Series AC Circuits 385
Introduction 385
Definition of a Complex Number 385
Operator j 385
Rectangular and Polar Forms of Complex Numbers 387
Operations with Complex Numbers 389
Complex Impedance in Series 392
AC Circuit Analysis with Complex Numbers 409
Phasors 409
Two-Terminal Network 409
Series AC Circuit 409
Parallel AC Circuit 411
Series-Parallel AC Circuit 414
Complex Power 416
Determinant Solution for AC Circuits 421
AC [Triangle]-Y and Y-[Triangle] Conversions 424
Transformers 455
Ideal Transformer Characteristics 455
Transformer Ratings 458
Impedance Ratio 459
Autotransformer 460
Transformer Losses and Efficiency 460
No-Load Condition 462
Coil Polarity 463
Three-Phase Systems 474
Characteristics of Three-Phase Systems 474
Three-Phase Transformer Connections 475
Power in Balanced Three-Phase Loads 477
Unbalanced Three-Phase Loads 482
Series and Parallel Resonance 499
Series Resonance 499
Q of Series Circuit 503
Parallel Resonance 503
Q of Parallel Circuit 506
Bandwidth and Power of Resonant Circuit 508
Summary 510
Waveforms and Time Constants 524
RL Series Circuit Waveforms 524
RL Time Constants 528
RC Series Circuit Waveforms 530
RC Time Constants 534
Calculation for Time t 535
Index 553