Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems > 에너지공학

1 THE U.S. ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY 1

1.1 Electromagnetism: The Technology Behind Electric Power 2

1.2 The Early Battle Between Edison and Westinghouse 3

1.3 The Regulatory Side of Electric Utilities 5

1.4 Electricity Infrastructure: The Grid 12

1.5 Electric Power Infrastructure: Generation 25

1.6 Financial Aspects of Conventional Power Plants 38

1.7 Summary 49

References 50

Problems 50

2 BASIC ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 56

2.1 Introduction to Electric Circuits 56

2.2 Definitions of Key Electrical Quantities 57

2.3 Idealized Voltage and Current Sources 65

2.4 Electrical Resistance 66

2.5 Capacitance 78

2.6 Magnetic Circuits 81

2.7 Inductance 85

2.8 Transformers 92

Problems 100

3 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER 109

3.1 Effective Values of Voltage and Current 109

3.2 Idealized Components Subjected to Sinusoidal Voltages 113

3.3 Power Factor 125

3.4 Three-Wire, Single-Phase Residential Wiring 131

3.5 Three-Phase Systems 134

3.6 Synchronous Generators 143

3.7 Transmission and Distribution 148

3.8 Power Quality 157

3.9 Power Electronics 166

3.10 Back-to-Back Voltage-Source Converter 177

References 178

Problems 178

4 THE SOLAR RESOURCE 186

4.1 The Solar Spectrum 186

4.2 The Earth’s Orbit 190

4.3 Altitude Angle of the Sun at Solar Noon 193

4.4 Solar Position at Any Time of Day 196

4.5 Sun Path Diagrams for Shading Analysis 200

4.6 Shading Analysis Using Shadow Diagrams 203

4.7 Solar Time and Civil (Clock) Time 206

4.8 Sunrise and Sunset 209

4.9 Clear-Sky Direct-Beam Radiation 210

4.10 Total Clear-Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface 216

4.11 Monthly Clear-Sky Insolation 227

4.12 Solar Radiation Measurements 233

4.13 Solar Insolation Under Normal Skies 235

4.14 Average Monthly Insolation 238

References 246

Problems 247

5 PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 253

5.1 Introduction 253

5.2 Basic Semiconductor Physics 255

5.3 PV Materials 267

5.4 Equivalent Circuits for PV Cells 277

5.5 From Cells to Modules to Arrays 284

5.6 The PV I–V Curve Under Standard Test Conditions 288

5.7 Impacts of Temperature and Insolation on I–V Curves 291

5.8 Shading Impacts on I–V Curves 294

5.9 Maximum Power Point Trackers 301

References 309

Problems 309

6 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 316

6.1 Introduction 316

6.2 Behind-the-Meter Grid-Connected Systems 317

6.3 Predicting Performance 322

6.4 PV System Economics 338

6.5 Off-Grid PV Systems with Battery Storage 356

6.6 PV-Powered Water Pumping 387

References 399

Problems 400

7 WIND POWER SYSTEMS 410

7.1 Historical Development of Wind Power 410

7.2 Wind Turbine Technology: Rotors 415

7.3 Wind Turbine Technology: Generators 418

7.4 Power in the Wind 424

7.5 Wind Turbine Power Curves 433

7.6 Average Power in the Wind 443

7.7 Estimating Wind Turbine Energy Production 454

7.8 Wind Farms 468

7.9 Wind Turbine Economics 481

7.10 Environmental Impacts of Wind Turbines 489

References 491

Problems 492

8 MORE RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS 498

8.1 Introduction 498

8.2 Concentrating Solar Power Systems 498

8.3 Wave Energy Conversion 521

8.4 Tidal Power 530

8.5 Hydroelectric Power 538

8.6 Pumped-Storage Hydro 550

8.7 Biomass for Electricity 553

8.8 Geothermal Power 555

References 558

Problems 559

9 BOTH SIDES OF THE METER 564

9.1 Introduction 564

9.2 Smart Grid 565

9.3 Electricity Storage 575

9.4 Demand Side Management 580

9.5 Economics of Energy Efficiency 585

9.6 Combined Heat and Power Systems 591

9.7 Cogeneration Technologies 596

9.8 Fuel Cells 602

References 623

Problems 624

APPENDIX A ENERGY ECONOMICS TUTORIAL 629

APPENDIX B USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS 645

APPENDIX C SUN-PATH DIAGRAMS 649

APPENDIX D HOURLY CLEAR-SKY INSOLATION TABLES 653

APPENDIX E MONTHLY CLEAR-SKY INSOLATION TABLES 663

APPENDIX F SHADOW DIAGRAMS 667

APPENDIX G SOLAR INSOLATION TABLES BY CITY 670

INDEX 683