CMOS IC Layout: Concepts, Methodologies, and Tools > 반도체

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 History of the Profession 1
1.2 What Is Layout Design? 2
1.3 IC Design Flow 4
2 Schematic Fundamentals 7
2.1 The MOS Transistor: The Basic Circuit Structure 7
2.2 Logic Gates 10
2.3 Transmission Gates 16
2.4 Understanding the Schematic Connectivity 17
2.5 Review of Fundamental Electrical Laws 18
3 Layout Design 22
3.1 Introduction to CMOS VLSI Manufacturing Process 22
3.2 Layers and Connectivity 23
3.3 Introduction to Transistor Layout 28
3.4 Process Design Rules 35
3.5 Vertical Connection Diagram 41
3.6 A General Procedure to Follow 42
3.7 Preparing to Start 43
3.8 General Guidelines 50
3.9 Implementing the Design 59
3.10 Verification 63
3.11 Final Steps 65
4 Layout Design Flows 68
4.1 What Is a Flow? 68
4.2 Microprocessor Design Flow 71
4.3 ASSPs 73
4.4 Memories 77
4.5 System on a Chip, or SOC 78
4.6 CAD Tools as Part of a Flow 79
5 Advanced Techniques for Specialized Building-Block Layout Design 91
5.1 Standard Cell Libraries 91
5.2 Special Logic Cells 107
5.3 Pad Cells 114
5.4 Memory Design Leaf Cells 123
5.5 Laser Fuse Cells 129
5.6 Chip Finishing Cells 132
6 Advanced Techniques for Building-Block Interconnect Layout Design 137
6.1 Power Grid 138
6.2 Clock Signals 141
6.3 Interconnect Routing 143
7 Layout Design Techniques to Address Electrical Characteristics 154
7.1 Resistance 154
7.2 Capacitance 159
7.3 Symmetry 169
7.4 Special Electrical Requirements 175
8 Layout Considerations Due to Process Constraints 183
8.1 Wide Metal Slits 183
8.2 Large Metal via Implementations 186
8.3 Step Coverage Rules 187
8.4 Multiple Rule Sets 189
8.5 Antenna Rules 191
8.6 Special Design Rules 192
8.7 Latch-Up 194
9 Layout Design Techniques in an Uncertain Environment 201
9.1 Layout of Circuits Designed for Change 201
9.2 Planning for Unknown Changes 207
9.3 Engineering Change Orders 211
9.4 Guidelines for Proper Layout 213
10 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Tools for Layout 216
10.1 Introduction 216
10.2 Planning Tools 219
10.3 Layout Generation Tools 224
10.4 Support Tools 236
Appendices 245
Index 257