Principles of Environmental Physics, 3/Ed > 지구과학/천문학

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Symbols xvi
The Scope of Environmental Physics 1
Properties of Gases and Liquids 4
Gases and Water Vapor 4
Liquid 20
Stable Isotopes 24
Problems 25
Transport of Heat, Mass, and Momentum 26
General Transfer Equation 26
Molecular Transfer Processes 28
Diffusion Coefficients 32
Problems 37
Transport of Radiant Energy 38
The Origin and Nature of Radiation 38
Spatial Relations 44
Problems 51
Radiation Environment 52
Solar Radiation 52
Attenuation of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere 57
Solar Radiation at the Ground 62
Terrestrial Radiation 73
Net Radiation 79
Problems 84
Microclimatology of Radiation (i) 86
Radiative Properties of Natural Materials 86
Problems 99
Microclimatology of Radiation (ii) 100
Geometric Principles 101
Diffuse Radiation 110
Problems 115
Microclimatology of Radiation (iii) 116
Interception of Radiation by Plant Canopies 116
Interception of Radiation by Animal Coats 133
Net Radiation 137
Problems 139
Momentum Transfer 142
Boundary Layers 142
Momentum Transfer to Natural Surfaces 147
Lodging and Windthrow 155
Problems 159
Heat Transfer 160
Convection 160
Measurements of Convection 166
Conduction 179
Insulation 181
Problems 188
Mass Transfer (Gases and Water Vapor) 190
Non-Dimensional Groups 191
Measurements of Mass Transfer 193
Ventilation 197
Mass Transfer through Pores 200
Coats and Clothing 208
Problems 210
Mass Transfer (Particles) 212
Steady Motion 212
Non-Steady Motion 214
Particle Deposition 215
Problems 227
Steady State Heat Balance (i) 229
Heat Balance Equation 230
Heat Balance of Thermometers 232
Heat Balance of Surfaces 238
Developments from the Penman Equation 250
Problems 256
Steady State Heat Balance (ii) 258
Heat Balance Components 259
The Thermo-Neutral Diagram 266
Specification of the Environment 270
Case Studies 272
Sheep 273
Problems 281
Transient Heat Balance 283
Time Constant 283
General Cases 285
Heat Flow in Soil 290
Problems 298
Micrometeorology (i) 300
Turbulent Transfer 301
Flux-Gradient Methods 309
Methods for Indirect Measurements of Flux above Canopies 323
Relative Merits of Methods of Flux Measurement 328
Turbulent Transfer in Canopies 329
Density Corrections to Flux Measurements 331
Problems 332
Micrometeorology (ii) 335
Resistance Analogues 335
Case Studies 343
Transport within Canopies 359
Problems 365
References 367
Bibliography 390
Appendix A 394
Solutions to Selected Problems 401
Index 414