Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks: Technologies, Analysis and Design > 무선통신

List of figures x
List of tables xviii
Preface xix
About the authors xxiv
List of acronyms xxv
Introduction 1
Introduction 1
What is a WSAN? 1
Single-sink single-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) 2
Single-sink multi-hop WSN 3
Multi-sink multi-hop WSN 3
The presence of actuators 4
The nodes\' architecture 5
Main features of WSANs 6
Practical issues of WSANs related to energy management 7
Current and future research on WSANs 9
Fundamentals of WSANs Design 13
Applications of WSANs 15
Application areas and scenarios 16
Environmental monitoring 16
Health care 19
Mood-based services 21
Positioning and animals tracking 24
Entertainment 25
Logistics 26
Transportation 28
Homes and office 29
Industrial applications 30
Event detection and spatial and time random process estimation 32
Environmental monitoring 34
Healthcare 35
Mood-based services 35
Positioning and animal tracking 35
Entertainment 36
Logistics 36
Transportation 36
Homes and office 36
Industrial applications 37
The hybrid hierarchical architecture 37
Categorization of the application scenarios according to the HHA 40
Channel Modelling 44
Introduction 44
Basics of electromagnetic propagation 45
Narrowband channel models 46
Experimental activity aimed at modelling the wireless channel at 2.4 GHz for WSANs 48
Measurements over the grass 49
Measurements over asphalt 51
Measurements on grass 52
Measurements over ground at different heights 52
Measurements in a parking lot 53
Measurements in indoor environments 56
Conclusions: A narrowband channel model for WSANs 58
Ultrawide bandwidth channel models 59
Path loss 62
Multipath characterization 63
Connectivity and Coverage 65
Introduction 65
Connectivity in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks 65
Link connectivity 67
Deterministic model: Disk model 68
Statistical model: Log-normal shadowing 68
Probability of link connection 69
Single-hop link connectivity in WSNs 69
Multi-hop link connectivity in WSNs 71
Characterization of the number of connected nodes 71
Characterization of the connected nodes positions 72
Characterization of the interference 76
Channel gain characterization 78
Interference power characterization 81
Network connectivity 84
Elements of graph theory 85
Communication graph and critical transmission range 86
The giant component 90
Probability of node isolation and connectivity 91
Probability of node isolation based on nodes degree 98
Network connectivity for WSANs 101
Alternate models for network connectivity 107
An information-theoretic view of connectivity 108
Reachability 108
Global connectivity from local constraints 109
Coverage vs energy efficiency 111
Further reading 113
Network Lifetime 114
Definition of node lifetime 114
Definitions of network lifetime 115
Communication protocols and network lifetime: How to choose 117
Some numerical examples 117
Technologies for WSANs 125
ZigBee technology 125
Introduction to ZigBee Characteristics: IEEE 802.15.4 126
Ultrawide bandwidth technology 135
Introduction 135
Impulse radio UWB 137
Low complexity receivers 141
UWB standards for WSNs: the IEEE 802.15.4a PHY 142
Bluetooth technology 143
Introduction to Bluetooth characteristics 143
Bluetooth physical layer performance 146
Comparison among technologies 158
Communication protocols, localization and signal processing techniques for WSANs 161
Communication Protocols for WSANs 163
Introduction 163
MAC protocols 163
Scheduled protocols 164
LEACH protocol 164
Guo protocol 166
TRAMA protocol 167
Contention-based protocols 168
Zhong protocol 168
DMAC protocol 169
PAMAS protocol 170
SMAC protocol 172
Routing protocols 173
Flat routing 174
Flooding and gossiping 174
SPIN protocol 175
Directed diffusion protocol 176
Rumor routing 179
Gradient-based routing 180
Hierarchical routing 180
LEACH protocol 181
PEGASIS protocol 182
TEEN protocol 184
MECN protocol 185
SPAN protocol 185
Location-based routing protocols 186
GAF protocol 187
GEAR protocol 188
GeRaF protocol 190
Rugin protocol 192
Localization and Time Synchronization Techniques for WSANs 194
Introduction 194
Time measurements 195
Distance measurements (ranging) 196
ToA detection and estimation 201
Position estimation 210
Single-hop localization 211
Multihop localization 217
Range-free localization 221
Anchor-free localization 222
Position tracking 224
Time synchronization 225
Network time synchronization 227
Signal Processing and Data Fusion Techniques for WSANs 231
Distributed detection 232
The sensing model 234
Parallel fusion architecture 235
Cooperative fusion architecture 238
Energy efficiency analysis 240
Performance comparison between PFA and CFA 242
Distributed scalar field estimation 243
Sampling the target process 243
Building the process estimate 246
Mathematical derivation of the estimation error 247
The self-organizing distributed WSN 250
Physical connectivity between nodes 250
Information routing through a clustered architecture 251
Communication protocol 252
Medium access control 254
Energy budget 255
Cross-layer design 257
Compression techniques for WSNs 264
Coding by ordering 264
Pipelined in-network compression 266
Distributed compression 266
A possible classification of signal processing techniques for WSNs 268
Classifying signal processing techniques 268
Scanning the literature 269
International projects on WSNs and signal processing (SP) for WSNs: some examples 274
From theory to practice: case studies 277
From theory to practice: case studies 279
The EYES project 279
EYES hardware description 280
Demo and measure 284
The ambient network project 289
Ambient network demo 290
Wireless lamp control system 293
Architecture definition 293
Coverage prevision mechanisms 294
Sample results 294
Experimental multiuser indoor localization platform based on WSN 295
Infrastructure and communication protocol 297
Localization algorithms 298
The context-aware platform 300
WSN configuration and deployment 302
A positioning test-bed using UWB devices 309
The scenario considered 309
Position estimation without priori information 312
Positioning with priori information 313
Development of a multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4 network 314
Tracking and communication system (TCS) application scenario: Description and requirements 314
TCS application scenario: tests 315
TCS application scenario: mobility test 316
TCS application scenario: tests with interference 320
TCS application scenario: throughput test with multiple hops 322
TCS with IEEE 802.15.4: selection of the transmission modes 323
TCS with IEEE 802.15.4: system design 327
Bibliography 334
Index 353