Phase Transitions > 생명과학

Chapter 1. Phase Changes 1

1.1 Complexity 1

1.2 Phase diagrams 4

1.3 Interactions make a difference 7

1.4 The Ising model: From micro to macro 11

1.5 Monte Carlo simulation 13

1.6 Scaling and universality 17

1.7 Mean field Ising model 18

1.8 Nonequilibrium transitions 23

Chapter 2. Stability and Instability 25

2.1 Dynamical systems 25

2.2 Attractors 27

2.3 Nonlinear dynamics 30

2.4 Linear stability analysis 33

Chapter 3. Bifurcations and Catastrophes 37

3.1 Qualitative changes 37

3.2 Symmetry breaking 38

3.3 Catastrophes and breakpoints 43

3.4 Critical slowing down 49

3.5 Multiple broken symmetries 51

Chapter 4. Percolation 53

4.1 Systems are connected 53

4.2 Percolation thresholds 54

4.3 Percolation is widespread 57

4.4 Bethe lattices 59

Chapter 5. Random Graphs 63

5.1 The Erdos-Renyi model 63

5.2 Statistical patterns 64

5.3 Percolation at critical connectivity 65

5.4 Real networks are heterogeneous 68

Chapter 6. Life Origins 70

6.1 Prebiotic evolution 70

6.2 Replicators and reproducers 71

6.3 Autocatalysis and cooperation 72

6.4 Prebiotic reaction networks 75

Chapter 7. Virus Dynamics 78

7.1 Molecular parasites 78

7.2 Exploring the hypercube 80

7.3 Swetina-Schuster quasispecies model 84

7.4 Critical genome size 87

7.5 Beyond the threshold 88

Chapter 8. Cell Structure 91

8.1 The architecture of cells 91

8.2 States and transitions 94

8.3 Dynamical instability model 95

8.4 Tensegrity 97

Chapter 9. Epidemic Spreading 99

9.1 Spreading diseases 99

9.2 SIS model 102

9.3 Vaccination thresholds 105

9.4 Pathogens and networks 107

Chapter 10. Gene Networks 109

10.1 Genes and cell types 109

10.2 Boolean dynamics 112

10.3 Percolation analysis 113

10.4 Is cell dynamics Boolean? 118

Chapter 11. Cancer Dynamics 120

11.1 Abnormal growth 120

11.2 Tumor decay under immune attack 122

11.3 Thresholds in cancer instability 128

11.4 Cancer as an evolving system 132

Chapter 12. Ecological Shifts 134

12.1 Change in ecology 134

12.2 Green-desert transitions 136

12.3 Continuous transitions 138

12.4 Sudden shifts 140

12.5 Metapopulation dynamics 143

12.6 Warning signals 146

Chapter 13. Information and Traffic Jams 148

13.1 Internet and computer networks 148

13.2 Mean field model of traffic flow 150

13.3 Fluid flow and congestion explosion 152

13.4 Self-regulated traffic 154

Chapter 14. Collective Intelligence 157

14.1 Swarm behavior 157

14.2 Foraging and broken symmetry 159

14.3 Order-disorder transitions in ant colonies 162

14.4 Structure and evolution in social insects 165

Chapter 15. Language 167

15.1 Lexical change 167

15.2 Words: Birth and death 169

15.3 String models 171

15.4 Symmetric model 174

15.5 Language thresholds 176

Chapter 16. Social Collapse 179

16.1 Rise and fall 179

16.2 Slow responses and sunk-cost effects 181

16.3 Ecological model of social collapse 182

16.4 Historical dynamics 186

References 189

Index 213