Practical Guide to LTE-A, VoLTE and IoT: Paving the way towards 5G > 이동통신

About the Authors xvii

Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxi

1 LTE and LTE-A Overview 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Link Spectrum Efficiency 3

1.3 LTE-Advanced and Beyond 4

1.4 Evolved Packet System (EPS) Overview 9

1.5 Network Architecture Evolution 11

1.6 LTE UE Description 14

1.7 EPS Bearer Procedures 15

1.8 Access and Non-access Stratum Procedures 20

1.9 LTE Air Interface 26

1.10 OFDM Signal Generation 32

1.11 LTE Channels and Procedures 34

1.12 Uplink Physical Channels 43

1.13 Physical Layer Procedures 45

1.14 RRC Layer and Mobility Procedures 51

1.15 LTE Idle Mode Mobility Procedures 60

1.16 LTE Connected Mode Mobility Procedures 68

1.17 Interworking with Other 3GPP Radio Access 76

References 86

2 Introduction to the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 87

2.1 Introduction 87

2.2 IMS Network Description 91

2.3 IMS Identities and Subscription 131

2.4 IMS Architecture and Interfaces 134

2.5 MMTel (Multimedia Telephony) Services 136

2.6 Service Centralization and Continuity AS (SCC AS) 141

2.7 Operator X IMS–VoLTE Architecture 145

3 VoLTE/CSFB Call Setup Delay and Handover Analysis 158

3.1 Overview 158

3.2 Introduction 158

3.3 CSFB Call Flow and Relevant KPIs 160

3.4 VoLTE Call Flow and Relevant KPIs 162

3.5 VoLTE Handover and Data Interruption Time 166

3.6 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 169

3.7 Performance Analysis 171

3.8 Latency Reduction During Handover 182

3.9 Practical Use Cases and Recommendations 187

3.10 Conclusions 190

References 195

4 Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of VoLTE 197

4.1 Overview 197

4.2 Introduction 197

4.3 VoLTE Principles 198

4.4 Main VoLTE Features 200

4.5 Testing Environment and Main VoLTE KPIs 203

4.6 VoLTE Performance Evaluation 204

4.7 EVS Coding and Voice Evolution 214

4.8 TTI Bundling Performance Evaluation 219

4.9 BLER Impact on Voice Quality 220

4.10 Scheduler Performance 220

4.11 VoLTE KPI Evaluation 221

4.12 Use Cases and Recommendations 223

4.13 Conclusions 226

References 228

5 Evaluation of LTE-Advanced Features 230

5.1 Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features 230

5.2 Carrier Aggregation in LTE-A and LTE-A Pro 231

5.3 Higher-order Modulation (HOM) for Uplink and Downlink 242

5.4 LTE-A Feature Dependencies 247

5.5 Other Enhancements Towards Advanced LTE Deployments 252

References 263

6 LTE Network Capacity Analysis 264

6.1 Overview 264

6.2 Introduction 264

6.3 Users and Traffic Utilization 266

6.4 Downlink Analysis 270

6.5 DL KPI Analysis 274

6.6 UL KPI Analysis 289

6.7 Data Connection Performance 302

6.8 Link Reliability Analysis 305

6.9 Main KPI Comparison for Different Operators 307

References 309

7 IoT Evolution Towards a Super-connected World 310

7.1 Overview 310

7.2 Introduction to the IoT 310

7.3 IoT Standards 312

7.4 IoT Platform 314

7.5 IoT Gateways, Devices, and “Things” Management 318

7.6 Edge and Fog Computing 319

7.7 IoT Sensors 322

7.8 IoT Protocols 323

7.9 IoT Networks 327

7.10 3GPP Standards for IoT 337

7.11 3GPP NB-IoT 341

7.12 NB-IoT DL Specifications 343

7.13 NB-IoT UL Specifications 352

7.14 Release 13 Machine-type Communications Overview 358

7.15 Link Budget Analysis 359

7.16 NB-IoT Network Topology 364

7.17 Architecture Enhancement for CIoT 367

7.18 Sample IoT Use Cases 374

References 380

8 5G Evolution Towards a Super-connected World 382

8.1 Overview 382

8.2 Introduction 382

8.3 5G New Radio (NR) and Air Interface 385

8.4 What is Next for LTE-A Pro Evolution? 386

8.5 5G Spectrum View 387

8.6 5G Design Considerations 390

8.7 5G Deployment Scenarios for Mobile Applications 400

8.8 Air-to-Ground and Satellite Scenarios 401

8.9 5G Evaluation KPIs 405

8.10 Next-generation Radio Access Requirements 407

8.11 5G NextGen Core Network Architecture 416

8.12 5G Waveform and Multiple Access Design 423

8.13 NFV and SDN 433

8.14 Conclusion 440

References 441

Index 445