Essential Principles of Image Sensors > 센서

Table of Contents
Preface to English Version

Preface to Japanese Version

Editor

Task of Imaging and Role of Image Sensors

Factors Constructing Image Information

Image Sensor Output and Structure of Image Signal

Monochrome Still Images

Color Still Images

Color Moving Images

Functional Elements of Image Sensors

References

Device Elements and Circuits for Image Sensors

Device Element Components

Foundation of Silicon Device Physics

pn-Junction

MOS Structure

Buried MOS Structure

Photogate

Photodiode

Buried Photodiode/Pinned Photodiode

Silicon as a Photosensitive Material

np Photodiode on p-Type Substrate

npn Photodiode on p-Well

Circuit Components

Floating Diffusion Amplifier

Source Follower Amplifier

Correlated Double Sampling Circuit

References

Major Types of Noise in Image Sensors

Amplitude of Noise

Circuitry Noise (kTC Noise)

Transistor Noise

1/f Noise

Thermal Noise

Random Telegraph Noise

Shot Noise

FDA Noise Reduction by CDS

References

Integration Period and Scanning Mode

Progressive Mode

Interlaced Mode

Electronic Shutter Mode

Types of Image Sensors

CCD Sensors

Principle of CCDs

Pixel Technology of IT-CCD

Vertical Overflow Drain Structure

Depleted Photodiode and Transfer Mechanism

Buried Photodiode/Pinned Photodiode

Progress of CCD Sensor

MOS Sensors

Principle of MOS Sensors

Pixel Technology of MOS Sensors

Progress in MOS Sensors

CMOS Sensors

Principle of CMOS Sensors

Pixel Technology of CMOS Sensors

Progress in CMOS Sensors

Noise Reduction Circuits in Analog Output Sensor

Digital Output Sensors

Sensitivity Improvement Technology

Lightguide (Lightpipe)

Backside Illuminated Sensors

Front Side Illuminated Sensor

Organic Sensors

Electronic Shutter

Electronic Shutter of CCD Sensors

Electronic Shutter of MOS and CMOS Sensors

Comparison of Situation and Prospects of Each Sensor Type

References

Impacts of Digitization by Built-In Coordinate Points on Image Information Quality

Sampling and Sampling Theorem

Sampling in Space Domain

Sampling in Time Domain

Sampling in Wavelength Domain and Color Information

References

Technologies to Improve Image Information Quality

Light Intensity Information

Sensitivity

Dynamic Range

Space Information

Time Information

Frame-Based Sensors

Imaging Modes

Event-Driven Sensor

Color and Wavelength Information

Single-Chip Color Camera System

Multiband Camera System

Hyperspectral Imaging System

References

Imaging Systems

Deteriorating Elements of Image Information Quality

Signal Processing

Defect Correction, Brightness Correction

White Balance

Demosaicking

Color Conversion

Color and Tone Matching

Noise Reduction

Edge Enhancement

Image Format

Problem of DSP Correction Dependence Syndrome

Three-Chip Color Camera System

Reference

Epilogue