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Preface XV
Writing About Psychology 1
Writing as a Process 1
Why Write, Anyway? 2
Forms of Writing in Psychology 5
Student Papers 6
Introducing APA Style 7
Planning Your Writing: Timing Is Everything 8
Answering a Test Question 9
Writing a Paper 11
A Basic Timeline 11
Writing Habits 11
Exercises 12
Searching the Psychological Literature 13
Selecting a Research Topic 13
Maintaining a Research Notebook 15
Narrowing Your Focus 16
Process Overview: Searching the Psychological Literature 19
Doing Library Research 20
A Brief Guide to Reference Works in Psychology 20
Using Online Catalogs 24
Psychology Online: Using Databases 25
Searching the Internet 27
Search and Metasearch 28
Other Internet Resources 30
Using the Internet: Caveat Emptor 31
Keeping Track of References 33
Logging References in a Working Bibliography 33
Exercises 35
Reading the Psychological Literature 37
The Scientific Pecking Order: Why Journals Are First 38
How to Read and Evaluate the Literature 39
How to Read a Journal Article 40
Skimming: Doing a Quick Prereading 42
Taking Notes on What You Read 45
Using Notecards 45
Using a Research Notebook 46
Recognizing and Preventing Plagiarism 46
A Plagiarism-Awareness Exercise 48
One More Word of Advice 51
Exercises 52
Getting Started: Writing 53
Getting Started: Prewriting Activities 55
Freewriting 56
Outlining 58
Writing a First Draft 63
Trick Drafts: Starting with the Roughest Draft 64
Writing a Hypothesis and Composing Paragraphs 65
A Recommended Order for Drafting APA-Style Papers 67
Writing Subsequent Drafts 69
Three Issues to Consider 69
Suggestions for Further Improvement 71
How Many Drafts? 72
Revising: Top to Bottom Every Time 73
Revisiting a Draft 74
Seeking Feedback 77
Professor, Peer, or Writing Center? 77
How to (Graciously) Receive Feedback 78
How to (Graciously) Give Feedback 79
Exercises 80
Writing APA-Style Papers: Content and Guidance 81
Benefits of APA Style 81
Bem\'s Hourglass Model for Empirical Writings 82
Writing the Empirical, or Research, Paper in APA style 82
Title 82
Abstract 85
Introduction 88
Method 93
Results 98
Discussion 99
References 102
Tables and Figures 102
Appendix 103
Author Note 103
A Sample Research Paper 104
Writing an Article Critique 115
Writing a Research Proposal 115
Writing a Literature Review Paper 117
Writing a Theory Paper 118
Exercises 119
Writing Up Results 120
Conveying Statistical Results in Words 120
Starting with a Hypothetical Research Result 120
Organizing the Results Section 124
Reflecting Further on Your Results 127
New APA Guidelines on Statistical Methods 127
Meaning Before Numbers: The MAGIC Criteria 128
Exercises 129
Citing References in APA Style 130
Citations and References 130
Learning the Psychological Literature by Reading References Sections 131
Basic Citation Mechanics 132
Citing References Within Text 132
Quoting and Paraphrasing 134
Citing Secondary Sources 140
Formats for APA-Style References 141
Journal Articles 142
Books 143
Edited Books 144
Chapters in Edited Books 144
Magazine or Newspaper Articles 144
Presentations at Professional Meetings or Conferences 145
Electronic (Online) Sources 145
Reviews 147
Personal Communications 147
Letters to the Editor 147
Dissertations and Master\'s Theses 147
Unpublished Manuscripts or Data 148
Exercises 150
Displaying Data in Tables and Figures 151
Tables 151
Constructing a Table 152
Figures 155
Constructing a Figure 157
Exercises 158
Formatting and Proofreading Your Paper 160
Grammar Guidelines 160
Punctuation Basics 164
Some Common Usage Errors in Student Writing 167
Checking Your Spelling 169
Checking Your Writing Voice: Be Active, Not Passive 170
Using Inclusive Language 171
Gender and Sex 173
Race and Ethnicity 175
Guidelines for Formatting in APA Style 175
Title Page 176
Page Numbering 177
Headings and Subheadings 177
Quickly Checking a Paper\'s Format 178
Proofreading the Penultimate Draft: Once More with Feeling 178
Exercises 182
Beyond Writing: Presenting Psychological Research 183
The Call for Papers 183
Understanding Call Types and Requirements 184
Knowing Your Audience 186
The Talk 188
Outlining a Talk 189
Preparing Overheads, Slides, and Handouts 190
Computer-Aided Presentations 190
Practice, Practice, Practice 192
Giving the Talk: Be a Pro, Avoid the Cons 192
Symposia: Talks in Common 196
Student Symposia 196
Poster Presentations 197
Knowing What to Expect 198
Creating a Poster: Less Is More-and More Is a Bore 199
Return to Writing: Submitting Your Research to a Journal 202
Student Journals 203
Professional Journals 203
Submission, Peer Review, and Editorial Decision: A Process Outline 205
Patience, Patience, Patience 207
Exercises 208
Some Journals in Psychology 209
References 213
Credits 223
Index 227